常绿植物冬季叶片变红影响因子及适应性机制研究

常绿植物冬季叶片变红是一个普遍发生的现象,该现象的研究对揭示常绿植物冬季叶片生理生态调控机制具有重要理论价值,对人居环境冬季景观的营建也具有现实指导意义。文中基于国内外常绿植物冬季叶片变红相关研究文献,对常绿植物冬季叶片变红的影响因子及叶片变红的适应性机制进行综述,并在此基础上对常绿植物冬季叶片变红有待解决的问题进行了总结和展望。     

微生物修复污染土壤的应用研究进展

近年来,土壤受污染程度日益严重,在众多土壤污染修复中,微生物修复是最具发展和应用前景的生物修复技术,具有经济和生态双重优势。为微生物在污染土壤修复中的应用及进一步深入研究提供参考,以土壤中多环芳烃、多氯联苯、农药以及重金属为对象,综合评述了不同土壤污染类型的微生物修复研究进展,重点介绍了降解微生物的种类、修复机理和技术方法,指出当前污染土壤微生物修复存在的问题,并对微生物修复污染土壤进行了展望。     

贵州省突发自然灾害与应急机制研究

分析了贵州省当前突发自然灾害的特点以及产生的深层原因,构建了贵州省突发自然灾害的应急机制,旨在能为贵州省应对自然灾害提供有价值的参考。     

Molecular Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Milk

The aim of this study was to identify methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains gathered from 2002 to 2006 from milk samples in Aydin region in Turkey. Among 93 S. aureus strains isolated from bovine milk with mastitis, 16 were resistant to methicillin. Methicillin‐resistant S. aureus strains were studied further for their staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types, pulsotypes, spa and MLST types, antimicrobial susceptibilities, mechanisms of resistance and presence of Panton–Valentine leucocidin (PVL) toxin gene. The MRSA strains were multi‐drug resistant. The susceptibility rates to antimicrobials tested were 0%, 0%, 0%, 0%, 6.25%, 16.25% and 56.25% for erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, tetracyclin, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin, respectively. All tetracycline and gentamicin resistant strains carried tet(M) and aac(6)‐aph(2) gene, respectively. Among macrolide‐resistant isolates, nine had erm(A), and seven had both erm(A) and erm(B) genes. The molecular characterization by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis showed presence of three pulsotypes with their variants. The pulsotype B strains were type IV with SCCmec typing, and representative of pulsotype B was t190 by spa typing and ST8 by MLST typing. The strains with pulsotype A and C were SCCmec III, and representative of these pulsotypes was t030 by spa typing. The MLST type of pulsotype A was ST239 and pulsotype C was one allele variant of ST239. None of the isolates harboured the PVL gene. Presence of hospital‐related MRSA strains may indicate transmission of these strains between human and animals. In case of clonal spread beside the infected animals’ treatment of MRSA carrier, farm workers should also be considered. Hygienic measures and rational antibiotic use may avoid resistance selection, clonal dissemination of resistant strains and decrease losses because of mastitis in dairy herds.     

我国海岸带综合管理的探索性研究

近年来,随着海岸带地区环境恶化、资源破坏、灾害频发和人口剧增,我国海岸带所受到的危害也不断增多。作为一种有效的海洋管理机制,海岸带综合管理日益受到包括我国在内的各国的重视。基于海岸带综合管理的概念及其特征,主要从3个方面阐述了目前我国海岸带综合管理的现状及问题,并据此结合美国的海岸带综合管理经验研究,分析提出了4个方面的对策和建议:有关海岸带管理边界划定的建议;有关我国海岸带管理协调机制的建议;有关我国海岸带管理立法的建议;有关公众参与的建议。     

Acetylcholinesterase point mutations in European strains of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) resistant to organophosphates

BACKROUND: In Tetranychus urticae Koch, acetylcholinesterase insensitivity is often involved in organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CARB) resistance. By combining toxicological, biochemical and molecular data from three reference laboratory and three OP selected strains (OP strains), the AChE1 mutations associated with resistance in T. urticae were characterised. RESULTS: The resistance ratios of the OP strains varied from 9 to 43 for pirimiphos‐methyl, from 78 to 586 for chlorpyrifos, from 8 to 333 for methomyl and from 137 to 4164 for dimethoate. The insecticide concentration needed to inhibit 50% of the AChE1 activity was, in the OP strains, at least 2.7, 55, 58 and 31 times higher for the OP pirimiphos‐methyl, chlorpyrifos oxon, paraoxon and omethoate respectively, and 87 times higher for the CARB carbaryl. By comparing the AChE1 sequence, four amino acid substitutions were detected in the OP strains: (1) F331W (Torpedo numbering) in all the three OP strains; (2) T280A found in the three OP strains but not in all clones; (3) G328A, found in two OP strains; (4) A201S found in only one OP strain. CONCLUSIONS: Four AChE1 mutations were found in resistant strains of T. urticae, and three of them, F331W, G328A and A201S, are possibly involved in resistance to OP and CARB insecticides. Among them, F331W is probably the most important and the most common in T. urticae. It can be easily detected by the diagnostic PCR‐RLFP assay developed in this study. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

鸡大肠杆菌活的非可培养状态发生相关基因克隆与分析

本研究旨在从分子水平探究细菌活的非可培养状态(VBNC)的发生机制。应用冰乙酸和4℃联合诱导条件,使鸡大肠杆菌进入VBNC状态,并利用mRNA差异显示技术(DDRT-PCR)获得VBNC相关基因。结果表明,从VBNC大肠杆菌中筛选得到的3个差异片段与大肠杆菌23S核糖体RNA基因序列具有较高的核苷酸同源性,分别为98%、98%和99%,而氨基酸的同源性也均在97%以上,表明这3个序列是大肠杆菌23S核糖体rRNA基因的部分序列,同时也是与大肠杆菌VBNC状态发生密切相关的基因。由此推知,当正常大肠杆菌在未暴露任何压力下时,其转录水平较低,特别是23S rRNA的某一(些)基因不显示或受到强烈抑制。当进入VBNC状态后,面临生存压力时,这一(些)基因转录水平明显强于正常状态,而核糖体作为蛋白质合成的主要结构与场所,其某些基因也将积极参与新蛋白质的生物合成。     

中国亚热带森林小流域植物生长驱动下矿物风化评估

Plant growth contributes to mineral weathering, but this contribution remains poorly understood. Weathering rates in an aggrading forested watershed in subtropical China were studied by means of geochemical mass balance. Rainfall, dry deposition, and streamwater were monitored from March 2007 to February 2012. Samples of vegetative components, rainfall, dry deposition, streamwater, representative soils, and parent rock were collected and determined for mass balance calculation and clarifying plant-driven weathering mechanisms stoichiometrically. Ignoring biomass, weathering rates of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and Si were 25.6, 10.7, 2.8, and 51.0 kg ha^-1 year^-1, respectively. Taking biomass into consideration, weathering rates of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Si and the sum of weathering rates of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, and Si were 2.6, 1.8, 1.2, and 1.5-fold higher than those ignoring biomass, respectively. This is attributed to plant-driven weathering due to the nutrient (e.g., Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺) absorption by vegetation and substantial proton production during assimilation of these nutrients, with the former acting as a pump for removing weathering products and the latter being a source of weathering agents solubilizing mineral components. The same pattern of weathering, i.e., higher rates of weathering with than without including biomass in mass balance calculation, was reported in previous studies; however, the extent to which plants drive weathering rates varied with vegetation types and climatic zones. The documented biological weathering driven by plants is expected to play a critical role in regulating nutrient cycling and material flows within the Earth’s Critical Zone.     

厚朴总酚抗氧化作用及其机制研究进展

厚朴总酚是一种提取于传统中药厚朴的酚类混合物,主要包含厚朴酚、和厚朴酚两种有效活性成分,具有抗病毒、抗菌、抗炎和抗腹泻等多种生物学功能,而厚朴总酚的抗氧化作用则是其发挥生物学功能的重要基础。作者对厚朴总酚通过清除自由基、增强抗氧化酶活性和阻断脂质过氧化3种途径发挥其抗氧化作用的机制进行了综述,旨在为深入研究其抗氧化作用及作为“绿色”抗氧化剂应用于畜牧生产提供参考。     

浙江省果蔬灰霉病菌对嘧菌酯的抗药性研究

采用菌丝生长速率法,连续监测了2010—2012年间浙江省果蔬灰霉病菌对QoI类杀菌剂嘧菌酯的敏感性变化。 结果表明:病菌群体中的低敏感性亚群体的比例明显上升,EC50值>5 mg/L 菌株的比例分别为12.5%、15.8%和28.3%;在菌丝生长阶段和孢子萌发阶段,旁路氧化在灰霉病菌对嘧菌酯敏感性中的平均相对贡献值(F)分别为2.91±0.89和5.72±2.82;嘧菌酯抗药性菌株的菌丝生长速率、产孢量、产菌核数和致病力与敏感菌株相比无显著差异。抗药性分子机制研究表明,灰霉病菌中存在2种类型的cyt b基因:Ⅰ型cyt b基因在第143位密码子后紧跟内含子;Ⅱ型cyt b基因在第143位密码子后没有紧跟内含子。大多数的灰霉病菌菌株属于Ⅱ型。Ⅰ型菌株均为嘧菌酯敏感菌株,Ⅱ型菌株为嘧菌酯敏感菌株或抗性菌株。抗性菌株的cyt b 基因的第143位密码子由甘氨酸(GGC)突变为了丙氨酸(GCC),抗药性机制为G143A。